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uk - monarchs

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historical overview

Roman Britain (43 - 410 AD)

• Conquest and Colonization: Roman invasion led by Emperor Claudius in 43 AD, establishment of Britannia as a Roman province.
• Infrastructure and Urbanization: Construction of roads, towns (e.g., Londinium, Eboracum), bathhouses, and Hadrian's Wall (122 AD) to protect against northern tribes.
• Economy and Society: Introduction of Roman law, customs, and coinage; mix of Roman and native British cultures.
• Withdrawal: Gradual decline of Roman control, with final legions departing by 410 AD due to increasing pressures on the Roman Empire.

post-Roman Britain (5th - 6th centuries) (401 - 600 AD)

• Sub-Roman Britain: Romano-British leaders attempt to maintain Roman infrastructure; emergence of small kingdoms; legendary tales of King Arthur, though his existence is debated.
• Anglo-Saxon Invasions: Arrival and settlement of Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes); displacement and assimilation of Romano-British populations; transformation of cultural and linguistic landscape.

the heptarchy (7th - 9th centuries) (601 - 900 AD)

• Seven Kingdoms:
  1. Northumbria: Dominated northern England and southern Scotland.
  2. Mercia: Powerful central kingdom, influential during the 8th century.
  3. East Anglia: Comprised modern Norfolk and Suffolk.
  4. Essex: Located around modern Essex.
  5. Kent: Early adopter of Christianity, located in southeast England.
  6. Sussex: Covered present-day Sussex.
  7. Wessex: Southwestern kingdom, significant for its future role in unification.
• Political Dynamics: Frequent conflicts and alliances among the kingdoms; gradual Christianization influenced by figures like Augustine of Canterbury (arrived in 597 AD).

early kings of Wessex

• Cerdic (519 – 534 AD): Traditionally regarded as the founder of Wessex.
• Cynric (534 – 560 AD): Son of Cerdic, continued territorial expansion.
• Ceawlin (560 – 591 AD): Notable for significant expansion and battles.
• Other Rulers: Ceol, Ceolwulf, Cynegils, Cenwalh, each contributing to the kingdom’s growth.

Egbert’s rise and legacy (reigned 802 - 839 AD)

• Early Life: Born around 770 AD, became king of Wessex in 802 AD.
• Conquests: Defeated Mercia and Northumbria, asserting temporary dominance over them.
• Overlordship: Seen as the first ruler to claim overlordship over all of Anglo-Saxon England, laying the foundation for future unification efforts.

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uk - monarchs

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